Busan, South Korea – South Korea’s vital coastal metropolis is grappling with profound demographic and economic shifts that threaten its future vitality. According to the latest figures from Statistics Korea, the city’s population continues to shrink, particularly among its youth, raising alarm about its economic stability. Despite some stabilization in employment rates, the broader picture reveals deep challenges in key industries as younger generations leave in search of better opportunities.
The latest data show a net population loss of 9,000 people, primarily driven by young residents in their 20s and 30s. As this outmigration accelerates, Busan’s economic base, reliant on both manufacturing and service sectors, is beginning to show cracks.
For over a decade, Busan has been struggling with population decline, driven largely by the outflow of young professionals and families seeking more lucrative job opportunities in Seoul, Gyeonggi, and other nearby regions. The 1.2% net outmigration of people in their 20s in 2024 underscores the trend, which experts warn could jeopardize the city’s long-term economic prospects.
With fewer high-paying jobs available, especially in emerging industries like tech, many young people are leaving for metropolitan areas that promise better career prospects, higher wages, and a more dynamic living environment.
While Busan’s overall employment rate of 58.4% remains relatively stable, a closer look reveals widening gaps across industries. Traditional sectors like construction have been hit particularly hard, experiencing a 14.8% decline in employment this year. Similarly, the retail and hospitality industries, which are highly dependent on consumer spending, have contracted by 4.5%.
However, there are pockets of growth. The business and public services sectors reported a 7.1% increase in employment, partially offsetting losses in other areas. The city’s unemployment rate held steady at 2.9%, but the underlying issue is the sharp decline in self-employed individuals, a critical indicator of economic vitality in a city where small businesses have historically played a key role. The number of self-employed workers dropped by 8.5%, reflecting growing challenges in the local entrepreneurial ecosystem.
One of the most troubling aspects of Busan’s demographic shift is the continued youth outmigration. Young professionals in their 20s and 30s are leaving Busan at higher rates than any other demographic, with many moving to Seoul, Gyeonggi, and Gyeongnam provinces. The 1.2% exodus rate among those in their 20s is particularly significant, as it represents a loss of critical human capital that the city needs for future innovation and economic growth.
The departure of this demographic not only depletes the local labor force but also reduces consumer demand, particularly in sectors like hospitality, retail, and services. These industries are traditionally buoyed by young professionals, who fuel both the city’s workforce and its consumer-driven economy.
The ripple effects are already being felt. Businesses are reporting difficulties in filling roles, particularly in sectors that require skilled labor, such as manufacturing and technical services. This talent drain is creating a bottleneck in industries that were once key drivers of Busan’s growth.
In response, the local government has initiated a series of job creation programs and incentives aimed at reversing the youth exodus. These initiatives include investment in innovation hubs and the development of affordable housing to make Busan more attractive to young professionals. The city has also introduced measures to support startups and local entrepreneurs, recognizing that fostering a thriving business environment is key to reversing the current trend.
Yet, analysts remain cautious. While these programs are a positive step, the long-term success of these initiatives depends on their ability to address the root causes of outmigration, such as limited career progression and lower wages relative to other regions.
Busan’s demographic and economic challenges, particularly the outmigration of its youth, pose a significant threat to its future. Addressing these issues will require a sustained commitment to creating an environment where young professionals can thrive—through innovation, job creation, and investment in the city’s infrastructure.
If Busan is to reclaim its position as a dynamic urban hub, policymakers must prioritize building a resilient, diversified economy that attracts and retains talent. With targeted efforts in high-growth sectors and support for local businesses, the city has the potential to reverse its current trajectory and secure a prosperous future.
